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?? Editing: _helpers.py

# Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Helper functions for commonly used utilities."""

import base64
import functools
import inspect
import json
import logging
import os
import warnings

import six
from six.moves import urllib

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

POSITIONAL_WARNING = 'WARNING'
POSITIONAL_EXCEPTION = 'EXCEPTION'
POSITIONAL_IGNORE = 'IGNORE'
POSITIONAL_SET = frozenset([POSITIONAL_WARNING, POSITIONAL_EXCEPTION,
                            POSITIONAL_IGNORE])

positional_parameters_enforcement = POSITIONAL_WARNING

_SYM_LINK_MESSAGE = 'File: {0}: Is a symbolic link.'
_IS_DIR_MESSAGE = '{0}: Is a directory'
_MISSING_FILE_MESSAGE = 'Cannot access {0}: No such file or directory'

def positional(max_positional_args):
    """A decorator to declare that only the first N arguments my be positional.

This decorator makes it easy to support Python 3 style keyword-only
    parameters. For example, in Python 3 it is possible to write::

def fn(pos1, *, kwonly1=None, kwonly1=None):
            ...

All named parameters after ``*`` must be a keyword::

fn(10, 'kw1', 'kw2')  # Raises exception.
        fn(10, kwonly1='kw1')  # Ok.

Example
    ^^^^^^^

To define a function like above, do::

@positional(1)
        def fn(pos1, kwonly1=None, kwonly2=None):
            ...

If no default value is provided to a keyword argument, it becomes a
    required keyword argument::

@positional(0)
        def fn(required_kw):
            ...

This must be called with the keyword parameter::

fn()  # Raises exception.
        fn(10)  # Raises exception.
        fn(required_kw=10)  # Ok.

When defining instance or class methods always remember to account for
    ``self`` and ``cls``::

class MyClass(object):

@positional(2)
            def my_method(self, pos1, kwonly1=None):
                ...

@classmethod
            @positional(2)
            def my_method(cls, pos1, kwonly1=None):
                ...

The positional decorator behavior is controlled by
    ``_helpers.positional_parameters_enforcement``, which may be set to
    ``POSITIONAL_EXCEPTION``, ``POSITIONAL_WARNING`` or
    ``POSITIONAL_IGNORE`` to raise an exception, log a warning, or do
    nothing, respectively, if a declaration is violated.

Args:
        max_positional_arguments: Maximum number of positional arguments. All
                                  parameters after the this index must be
                                  keyword only.

Returns:
        A decorator that prevents using arguments after max_positional_args
        from being used as positional parameters.

Raises:
        TypeError: if a key-word only argument is provided as a positional
                   parameter, but only if
                   _helpers.positional_parameters_enforcement is set to
                   POSITIONAL_EXCEPTION.
    """

def positional_decorator(wrapped):
        @functools.wraps(wrapped)
        def positional_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            if len(args) > max_positional_args:
                plural_s = ''
                if max_positional_args != 1:
                    plural_s = 's'
                message = ('{function}() takes at most {args_max} positional '
                           'argument{plural} ({args_given} given)'.format(
                               function=wrapped.__name__,
                               args_max=max_positional_args,
                               args_given=len(args),
                               plural=plural_s))
                if positional_parameters_enforcement == POSITIONAL_EXCEPTION:
                    raise TypeError(message)
                elif positional_parameters_enforcement == POSITIONAL_WARNING:
                    logger.warning(message)
            return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
        return positional_wrapper

if isinstance(max_positional_args, six.integer_types):
        return positional_decorator
    else:
        args, _, _, defaults = inspect.getargspec(max_positional_args)
        return positional(len(args) - len(defaults))(max_positional_args)

def scopes_to_string(scopes):
    """Converts scope value to a string.

If scopes is a string then it is simply passed through. If scopes is an
    iterable then a string is returned that is all the individual scopes
    concatenated with spaces.

Args:
        scopes: string or iterable of strings, the scopes.

Returns:
        The scopes formatted as a single string.
    """
    if isinstance(scopes, six.string_types):
        return scopes
    else:
        return ' '.join(scopes)

def string_to_scopes(scopes):
    """Converts stringifed scope value to a list.

If scopes is a list then it is simply passed through. If scopes is an
    string then a list of each individual scope is returned.

Args:
        scopes: a string or iterable of strings, the scopes.

Returns:
        The scopes in a list.
    """
    if not scopes:
        return []
    elif isinstance(scopes, six.string_types):
        return scopes.split(' ')
    else:
        return scopes

def parse_unique_urlencoded(content):
    """Parses unique key-value parameters from urlencoded content.

Args:
        content: string, URL-encoded key-value pairs.

Returns:
        dict, The key-value pairs from ``content``.

Raises:
        ValueError: if one of the keys is repeated.
    """
    urlencoded_params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(content)
    params = {}
    for key, value in six.iteritems(urlencoded_params):
        if len(value) != 1:
            msg = ('URL-encoded content contains a repeated value:'
                   '%s -> %s' % (key, ', '.join(value)))
            raise ValueError(msg)
        params[key] = value[0]
    return params

def update_query_params(uri, params):
    """Updates a URI with new query parameters.

If a given key from ``params`` is repeated in the ``uri``, then
    the URI will be considered invalid and an error will occur.

If the URI is valid, then each value from ``params`` will
    replace the corresponding value in the query parameters (if
    it exists).

Args:
        uri: string, A valid URI, with potential existing query parameters.
        params: dict, A dictionary of query parameters.

Returns:
        The same URI but with the new query parameters added.
    """
    parts = urllib.parse.urlparse(uri)
    query_params = parse_unique_urlencoded(parts.query)
    query_params.update(params)
    new_query = urllib.parse.urlencode(query_params)
    new_parts = parts._replace(query=new_query)
    return urllib.parse.urlunparse(new_parts)

def _add_query_parameter(url, name, value):
    """Adds a query parameter to a url.

Replaces the current value if it already exists in the URL.

Args:
        url: string, url to add the query parameter to.
        name: string, query parameter name.
        value: string, query parameter value.

Returns:
        Updated query parameter. Does not update the url if value is None.
    """
    if value is None:
        return url
    else:
        return update_query_params(url, {name: value})

def validate_file(filename):
    if os.path.islink(filename):
        raise IOError(_SYM_LINK_MESSAGE.format(filename))
    elif os.path.isdir(filename):
        raise IOError(_IS_DIR_MESSAGE.format(filename))
    elif not os.path.isfile(filename):
        warnings.warn(_MISSING_FILE_MESSAGE.format(filename))

def _parse_pem_key(raw_key_input):
    """Identify and extract PEM keys.

Determines whether the given key is in the format of PEM key, and extracts
    the relevant part of the key if it is.

Args:
        raw_key_input: The contents of a private key file (either PEM or
                       PKCS12).

Returns:
        string, The actual key if the contents are from a PEM file, or
        else None.
    """
    offset = raw_key_input.find(b'-----BEGIN ')
    if offset != -1:
        return raw_key_input[offset:]

def _json_encode(data):
    return json.dumps(data, separators=(',', ':'))

def _to_bytes(value, encoding='ascii'):
    """Converts a string value to bytes, if necessary.

Unfortunately, ``six.b`` is insufficient for this task since in
    Python2 it does not modify ``unicode`` objects.

Args:
        value: The string/bytes value to be converted.
        encoding: The encoding to use to convert unicode to bytes. Defaults
                  to "ascii", which will not allow any characters from ordinals
                  larger than 127. Other useful values are "latin-1", which
                  which will only allows byte ordinals (up to 255) and "utf-8",
                  which will encode any unicode that needs to be.

Returns:
        The original value converted to bytes (if unicode) or as passed in
        if it started out as bytes.

Raises:
        ValueError if the value could not be converted to bytes.
    """
    result = (value.encode(encoding)
              if isinstance(value, six.text_type) else value)
    if isinstance(result, six.binary_type):
        return result
    else:
        raise ValueError('{0!r} could not be converted to bytes'.format(value))

def _from_bytes(value):
    """Converts bytes to a string value, if necessary.

Args:
        value: The string/bytes value to be converted.

Returns:
        The original value converted to unicode (if bytes) or as passed in
        if it started out as unicode.

Raises:
        ValueError if the value could not be converted to unicode.
    """
    result = (value.decode('utf-8')
              if isinstance(value, six.binary_type) else value)
    if isinstance(result, six.text_type):
        return result
    else:
        raise ValueError(
            '{0!r} could not be converted to unicode'.format(value))

def _urlsafe_b64encode(raw_bytes):
    raw_bytes = _to_bytes(raw_bytes, encoding='utf-8')
    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(raw_bytes).rstrip(b'=')

def _urlsafe_b64decode(b64string):
    # Guard against unicode strings, which base64 can't handle.
    b64string = _to_bytes(b64string)
    padded = b64string + b'=' * (4 - len(b64string) % 4)
    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(padded)

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?? Editing: _helpers.py

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